Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative discipline with significant implications for dental sciences, particularly orthodontics. The unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials—arising from their nanoscale dimensions—have enabled the development of advanced orthodontic materials with improved mechanical strength, antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and biological responsiveness. Conventional orthodontic appliances are associated with challenges such as plaque accumulation, enamel demineralization, frictional resistance, material degradation, and prolonged treatment duration. Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions to these limitations through nano-enhanced adhesives, brackets, archwires, elastomeric components, retainers, and biologically active materials. Additionally, emerging fields such as biological nanotechnology, green nanotechnology, and the integration of artificial intelligence with nanotechnology are shaping the future of orthodontic care. This narrative review summarizes the current applications of nanotechnology in orthodontics, discusses recent advancements, highlights biological and environmental considerations, and explores future perspectives and clinical challenges.