Journal of Scientific and Technical Research
Issue 1, 2023
Original Articles
Abstract
The importance of nanomaterials has been known for many years, but their usage in cement and concrete production is not accelerated and emphasized extensively. Cement and concrete are the base input material for the construction industry, and the industry is facing tremendous pressure to reduce its greenhouse gas emission (GHG); in 2021, the cement industry emitted about 7% GHG, equal to 2.5 Giga Ton gases of global GHG emission. It is estimated that by enhancing various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), approximately 9% of the GHG emission of the cement industry can be reduced globally. It is also known that the cement hydration process is very sensitive and altered by many factors such as temperatures, amount of water, surface area, chemical properties, mineral phases, and type of SCM used. The alteration of hydration has adverse influences on cement and concrete performance. Nanomaterials can play an essential role by offsetting the adverse effects of high usage of SCMs in the cement, helping in increasing sustainability by reducing the intensity of CO2, and offering value-added features like self-sensing self-cleaning, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-algae, and antistain in the cement other than cement strength, which may promote the use of blended cement and replace ordinary Portland cement in the construction industry. This comparative review aims to understand nanomaterials’ advantages and challenges and compare their role and their influence on the cement hydration process based on the types of nanomaterials and their nature as Pozzolanic Nanomaterial (nano SiO2, nano MgO, Nano CaCO3, Nano Metakaolin), Metal oxide Nanomaterial (nano TiO2, nano CuO, nano ZnO, nano Al2O3, nano Fe2O3) and Carbon Based Nanomaterial (Carbon Nanotubes CNTs, Carbon Nano Fibers CNFs, Graphene Oxides).
The importance of nanomaterials has been known for many years, but their usage in cement and concrete production is not accelerated and emphasized extensively. Cement and concrete are the base input material for the construction industry, and the industry is facing tremendous pressure to reduce its greenhouse gas emission (GHG); in 2021, the cement industry emitted about 7% GHG, equal to 2.5 Giga Ton gases of global GHG emission. It is estimated that by enhancing various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), approximately 9% of the GHG emission of the cement industry can be reduced globally. It is also known that the cement hydration process is very sensitive and altered by many factors such as temperatures, amount of water, surface area, chemical properties, mineral phases, and type of SCM used. The alteration of hydration has adverse influences on cement and concrete performance. Nanomaterials can play an essential role by offsetting the adverse effects of high usage of SCMs in the cement, helping in increasing sustainability by reducing the intensity of CO2, and offering value-added features like self-sensing self-cleaning, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-algae, and antistain in the cement other than cement strength, which may promote the use of blended cement and replace ordinary Portland cement in the construction industry. This comparative review aims to understand nanomaterials’ advantages and challenges and compare their role and their influence on the cement hydration process based on the types of nanomaterials and their nature as Pozzolanic Nanomaterial (nano SiO2, nano MgO, Nano CaCO3, Nano Metakaolin), Metal oxide Nanomaterial (nano TiO2, nano CuO, nano ZnO, nano Al2O3, nano Fe2O3) and Carbon Based Nanomaterial (Carbon Nanotubes CNTs, Carbon Nano Fibers CNFs, Graphene Oxides).
Restricted
Abstract
O,O’-Bis(α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl and 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl) Dithiophosphate complexes of Iron (III), (II) and Iron adducts corresponding to [(RO)2PS2]3M, [(RO)2PS2]2M, and {(RO)2PS2}2Fe(Et3N)2 respectively, Where R = (α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl and 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl) and M = Iron (III), and Iron (II) have been synthesized by the reaction of sodium salts of O,O’ α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl and 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl dithiophosphate with FeCl3 and FeCl2 in equimolar ratio 3:1 and 2:1 by refluxing intoulene results in the formation of the above complexes. The adducts were prepared by the reactions of [(RO)2PS2]2Fe and donor ligands (triethylamine) in 1:2 molar stiochiometry in THF under refluxing condition for 4-5 hours. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, C, H, S, N, Fe and have been further characterized by some IR and NMR (1H, 31P and 13C) spectroscopic studies which indicates bidentate linkages of dithiophosphate moieties leading to octahedral and square planar geometry around the Iron (Fe) atom.
O,O’-Bis(α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl and 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl) Dithiophosphate complexes of Iron (III), (II) and Iron adducts corresponding to [(RO)2PS2]3M, [(RO)2PS2]2M, and {(RO)2PS2}2Fe(Et3N)2 respectively, Where R = (α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl and 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl) and M = Iron (III), and Iron (II) have been synthesized by the reaction of sodium salts of O,O’ α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl and 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl dithiophosphate with FeCl3 and FeCl2 in equimolar ratio 3:1 and 2:1 by refluxing intoulene results in the formation of the above complexes. The adducts were prepared by the reactions of [(RO)2PS2]2Fe and donor ligands (triethylamine) in 1:2 molar stiochiometry in THF under refluxing condition for 4-5 hours. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, C, H, S, N, Fe and have been further characterized by some IR and NMR (1H, 31P and 13C) spectroscopic studies which indicates bidentate linkages of dithiophosphate moieties leading to octahedral and square planar geometry around the Iron (Fe) atom.
Restricted
Abstract
The prevalence of B12 deficiency is now common in most of the developing countries, especially in part of Southeast Asia and Europe. The deficiency of vitamin B12 leads haematological disorders and neuropsychiatric manifestations. The deficiency could be due to insufficient food intake, or malabsorption syndromes. With the emerging technologies and advancement in food manufacturing practices, various researches have been conducted in past to combat vitamin B12 deficiency among individuals. This review will discuss the prevalence of vitamin B12 insufficiency at extremely vulnerable ages, its causes and bioavailability. Additionally, numerous components of therapy procedures like supplementation, food fortification, fermentation and encapsulation are also highlighted with previous researches
The prevalence of B12 deficiency is now common in most of the developing countries, especially in part of Southeast Asia and Europe. The deficiency of vitamin B12 leads haematological disorders and neuropsychiatric manifestations. The deficiency could be due to insufficient food intake, or malabsorption syndromes. With the emerging technologies and advancement in food manufacturing practices, various researches have been conducted in past to combat vitamin B12 deficiency among individuals. This review will discuss the prevalence of vitamin B12 insufficiency at extremely vulnerable ages, its causes and bioavailability. Additionally, numerous components of therapy procedures like supplementation, food fortification, fermentation and encapsulation are also highlighted with previous researches
Restricted
Abstract
Thermal behaviour of molybdic acid, H2MoO4 has been investigated by DSC and thermogravimetry. The results obtained from the study demonstrated that it decomposes at the temperature range of 373 to 973 K in two steps. In the 1st step the peak was obtained at 604 K (Range 547.7-641 K) which is associated with 8.4 mass losses and in the 2nd step the peak was obtained at 688 K where decomposition started at 657 K and was completed at 710.3 K is associated with 2.2 mass losses. The different phases of H2MoO4 have been characterized by IR spectroscopy and Magnetic susceptibility. Magnetic susceptibility, after the diamagnetic corrections suggests that all the samples are diamagnetic. This is because of the fact that the Mo+6 ions, present in these samples, contain no unpaired electron. The kinetic studies suggest that the kinetic data in the first transition follow the Ginstling-Brounshtein mechanism, while the second transition obeys the Mampel’s unimolecular law of random nucleation.
Thermal behaviour of molybdic acid, H2MoO4 has been investigated by DSC and thermogravimetry. The results obtained from the study demonstrated that it decomposes at the temperature range of 373 to 973 K in two steps. In the 1st step the peak was obtained at 604 K (Range 547.7-641 K) which is associated with 8.4 mass losses and in the 2nd step the peak was obtained at 688 K where decomposition started at 657 K and was completed at 710.3 K is associated with 2.2 mass losses. The different phases of H2MoO4 have been characterized by IR spectroscopy and Magnetic susceptibility. Magnetic susceptibility, after the diamagnetic corrections suggests that all the samples are diamagnetic. This is because of the fact that the Mo+6 ions, present in these samples, contain no unpaired electron. The kinetic studies suggest that the kinetic data in the first transition follow the Ginstling-Brounshtein mechanism, while the second transition obeys the Mampel’s unimolecular law of random nucleation.
Restricted
Abstract
comparison of the antioxidant components and antioxidant activity of Bacopa monnieri Linn. in aqueous and alcoholic extracts at different growth stages (in every 15 days interval) till plant maturity (till 90 days) was carried out. In addition, a correlation analysis between antioxidant activity and antioxidant components was also performed. The research exhibited that the alcoholic extract contains greater antioxidant constituents with maximum antioxidant activity in comparison to the aqueous extracts. The results showed that the 15 days old plant exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with minimum IC50/EC50 value by different antioxidant assays, such as DPPH (0.087 mg/ ml), ABTS (0.084 mg/ml), and FRAP (0.614 mg/ml) in the alcoholic extract. In correlation analysis also found that the ABTS assay’s IC50 value had a considerably positive correlation with the DPPH and FRAP tests’ IC50 and EC50 values, respectively, and that antioxidant components had a negative correlation with IC50/EC50. In conclusion, the study found that 15-day-old plant extracts have the best antioxidant potential and the highest concentration antioxidant components when compared to other plant growth stages.
comparison of the antioxidant components and antioxidant activity of Bacopa monnieri Linn. in aqueous and alcoholic extracts at different growth stages (in every 15 days interval) till plant maturity (till 90 days) was carried out. In addition, a correlation analysis between antioxidant activity and antioxidant components was also performed. The research exhibited that the alcoholic extract contains greater antioxidant constituents with maximum antioxidant activity in comparison to the aqueous extracts. The results showed that the 15 days old plant exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with minimum IC50/EC50 value by different antioxidant assays, such as DPPH (0.087 mg/ ml), ABTS (0.084 mg/ml), and FRAP (0.614 mg/ml) in the alcoholic extract. In correlation analysis also found that the ABTS assay’s IC50 value had a considerably positive correlation with the DPPH and FRAP tests’ IC50 and EC50 values, respectively, and that antioxidant components had a negative correlation with IC50/EC50. In conclusion, the study found that 15-day-old plant extracts have the best antioxidant potential and the highest concentration antioxidant components when compared to other plant growth stages.
Restricted
Abstract
Supercapacitors are energy storage devices and varieties of supercapacitors are available. Varieties of electrodes have been synthesized for supercapacitors. In this article Amine functionalized reduced graphene oxide/ Tin sulfide (Am-rGO/SnS) composite for electrode was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The synthesized composite for developing electrode for supercapacitor has been characterized by using different techniques.
Supercapacitors are energy storage devices and varieties of supercapacitors are available. Varieties of electrodes have been synthesized for supercapacitors. In this article Amine functionalized reduced graphene oxide/ Tin sulfide (Am-rGO/SnS) composite for electrode was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The synthesized composite for developing electrode for supercapacitor has been characterized by using different techniques.
Restricted
Abstract
The Co doped ZnO (Zn1-xCoxO; x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.06 and 0.10) nanoparticles were synthesized using the coprecipitation method. Characterization techniques help to determine the different structural and magnetic properties. XRD pattern help to identify the structure of sample and confirms the phase confirmation. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) characterization help to determine the functional groups present in the sample. It is based on the absorption phenomenon of sample. VSM characterization helps to understand the magnetic properties of samples. The spontaneous magnetization was found to be 0.1 emu/gm for pure ZnO which increases to 0.2 emu/gm with the 10% doping of Co in ZnO.
The Co doped ZnO (Zn1-xCoxO; x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.06 and 0.10) nanoparticles were synthesized using the coprecipitation method. Characterization techniques help to determine the different structural and magnetic properties. XRD pattern help to identify the structure of sample and confirms the phase confirmation. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) characterization help to determine the functional groups present in the sample. It is based on the absorption phenomenon of sample. VSM characterization helps to understand the magnetic properties of samples. The spontaneous magnetization was found to be 0.1 emu/gm for pure ZnO which increases to 0.2 emu/gm with the 10% doping of Co in ZnO.
Restricted